CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE ESSAY 

The management of time is an issue which is fundamental to job performance. In the past, attention to the relationship between time and job performance was restricted to manual workers and then, by means of organization and methods to clerical workers.

The consideration of time utilization for managerial and professional grades has not received much attention until recently current approaches are based on the assumption that personal effectiveness at work is primarily a function of the individual management of his or her time.

For productivity to be high, the judicious time usage is very important, without the proper usage of time, there will be lower productivity within an organization. As a manager in an organization one must be very conscious on the use of time, for poor utilization of time will affect the entire organization’s output. If a manager makes use of his time effectively and efficiently, the organization, will be in a path to growth and development. The subordinates will also be motivated to put in their best for the organization, been that the manager has perfectly demonstrated to them the importance of time utilization. If there is no time target on a particular task, productivity will be low, which is going to adversely affect the organization negatively.  

Management study has revolved over long period of time and successive means of thought in industry and commerce have severely described it as the basic ingredient of administering a business 

In support of this view Yakubu (1989) defined management “as a social process entailing responsibility for effective and economical planning and regulation of the operation of an enterprise, in fulfillment of given purpose or tasks” while organization have been working hard to attaining the purpose for which they have been established, the issue of the time it takes to achieve this often neglected. This situation is unfortunate and need to be taken seriously by organizations if the attainment of set goals is to be at maximum profit.

In other words, organization have to properly manage the time it take to attain their goals so as to reduce costs to the bearest minimum.

Adamu (1974) has defined time management as “the art of planning a job, measuring such jobs through reducing such activities to time elements (expressed in terms of pieces per unit or time per piece) and monitoring it to determine efficiency and productivity.

This implies that work must be divided among and between specialist workers with at a time instead of the whole, thus minimum effort is applied by individual workers and maximum output achieved.

Despite the gaining advantage of time management or not attention is paid to it by organization.

This evident when one carefully leads individual workers exclaims that it is not my factors business are also find a lot of individual working hard over organization are meant of the theories of management.

At independence, the size of its armed forces were small and growth was to be a gradual process, and if the influence of the country was to be yet in the sub region, Africa and the world at large, a dynamic foreign policy was to be vigorously pursued.

To meet the part of the increasing needs of armed forces, the Omimi shoes factory was producing boots for the whole army and local textile mills; rolled out materials for the working dressed of officers and men of the armed forces. In essence a good number of quarter master items were already being produced locally to ensure that military orders for annum action will be met without resorting to massive importation, the federal government set up the defence Industrial Corporation of Nigeria (DICON).

DICON came into being by act of parliament in 1964. it was charged with the responsibility of locally manufacturing of ammunitions for the armed forces, to reduce its over dependence on foreign countries for its ammunition requirements. It was charged with responsibilities of:

a)           Operation, maintenance and control of ordinance factories for the manufacture, storage and disposal of ordinance and ancillary stores and materials intended for or capable of being used by the armed forces.

b)           Operation of any ordinance factory under its control on a sound commercial basis so as to fill the normal defence requirements of the armed forces.

c)            Utilization of any excess capacity for meeting civilian needs of Nigeria on the approval of council of ministers.

d)           Inspection and testing or ordinance and materials for use by the armed forces and duty to recommend for adopting or rejection as the case may be.

e)           Testing and inspection on behalf of any of the government of the federation any substance, material, machine or any other thing intended for capable of being used by the armed forces.

To speed up the achievement of the above goals, the federal invited a West German arm manufacturing firm of Frintzwerne to provide the technical expertise required to set up an ordinance factory in Kaduna, to produce rifles, sub-machine suns and pistols under license. It was also to produce hand grenades and ammunition for the above range of small arms.

Presently, DICON is running industries complex in the premises of the old ordinance factory in Kakuri Kaduna south. The constituent factories are:

A:      Armament Factory (ARMFAC)

B:      DICON Casting Company (DCC)

C:      DICON Furniture Company (DFC)

The headquarter of the corporation is in Kaduna and is structured to have five (5) directorates as follows:

1)           Directorate of Administration

2)           Directorate of Finance

3)           Directorate of Plan and Engineering Services

4)           Directorate of Production and

5)           Directorate of Research and Development

The DICON has staff strength of 967 it is also headed by a director general who must be a serving military officer of the rank of Brigadier and above.

He is assisted by the directors and all staffs under them are answerable to their directors. However, the researcher will limit herself to the head quarters which has a staff strength of 124, among whom are five (5) Directorates, 17 executives officers and 54 junior staff.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite the importance of time in the provision of goods and services in an organization, not much attention seems to have been paid to it.

In Nigeria, workers are not time conscious and such duties or task are not being discharged as at when needed, with regards to this, productivity turns out to be low, due to delay in performances of various task. Due to poor output, most organization’s objectives is designed to provide satisfaction to customers needs. However, these are the developments that prompt the researcher to identify the following problems in the course of this study.

1.   There is the existence of ignorance on the part of management in regards to the scope and specific use of time saving formalities.

2.   Where such skills exist, the level of utilization is too marginal.

3.   Also lack of prior training of managers and supervisors in the schedule of study, delegating duties when possible to enhance output at the end of the day is another cause of concern  

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE ESSAY

The major objective of this research is to examine the effect of time management on the production of goods and services, as well as, to determine the lessons, learnt from the results data collected through this research.

However, in specification, the study is to address the following issues

1.   To find out the time-consciousness of the staffs in relations to their productivity.

2.   To assess the effects of time management on productivity in an organization.

1.4       RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis has been formulated to this work. Ho:   There is no relationship between higher productivity and effective management.

H1:   There is relationship between higher productivity and effective time management.

1.5       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ESSAY

Considering the importance of time management in the attainment of set goals by organizations, it is hoped that the findings of this study would be beneficial to policy makers and future researcher.

Policy Makers: These study is expected to provide adequate information needed by policy makers to formulate policies as to time saving methods and how they can utilize them to enhance productivity.

Future Researcher: Future researcher will find this project work useful and interesting when making research on a related topic or when there is need for review on this particular topic. Thus project work will serve as a foundation that will ease further research.

1.6       SCOPE OF THE ESSAY

These study covers the effects and problems of time management in seven-up (7up) Bottling Company, Kaduna Plc center as a case study. In the course of this study 7up Bottling company Kaduna branch with a large number of staffs would be utilized to solicit interaction on whether or not the organization is aware of the services of time management, and the application effect of time management in enhancing productivity.  This study and timing dates back from 2008 to 2011, of the seven up plant of Kaduna branch, in which the researcher lays emphasis on. This entire study covers the seven-up plant of Kaduna branch as the area of this study.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

One of the major constraint faced by the researcher at the process of this study is inappropriate information on the side of the management. Sometimes the researcher goes to the Company without getting much response from the management, due to some obstacles such as time limit; this hinders the researcher from getting proper information for this study. Confidentiality on the side of the company’s information is a challenge also faced by the researcher during the course of this explore.

The cost incurred in times of transportation down to the factory, is another major challenge faced by the researcher at the process of the researcher’s investigation, which makes the work to be much more slower and ineffective in the side of the researcher

Inconvenience by the researcher, in moving at random irrespective of his commitments is also one of the challenges faced.

1.7. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Seven up Bottling company Plc (S.B.C.) one of the countries leading carbonate soft drinks manufacturer was founded by Mr. Mohel-Khul, a Lebanese in 1959 after obtaining a fractuse from seven-up international Inc, London to Bottle seven-up product in Nigeria. It commences operation in October 1st 1960 which coincides with Nigeria’s Independence Day with just a plant of Ijora Lagos (Now the administrative head office of the company). Records shows that on the first day of it’s product lunch, 576 creates of seven-up flavor were produced and a total of 14 creates sold, but it did not put the company in Guinness book of world records, but it was a significant  accomplishment for the company. The company was quoted in Nigeria stock exchange and went public in 1984. The company through hard work and determination was able to expand and it’s plant and distribution network to all parts of the country. The boom of the organization started. In the early 80’s with the opening of Ibadan Plant in 1980, Ikeja plant in 1981, Kano plant in 1983 and Aba plant was opened in 1989. The acquisition of John Holt soft drinks brought Kaduna plant to being in 1985.

Illori plant was opened in 1989, Benin plant was also opened in 1993, Enugu Plant was also opened in 2002 while Abuja Plant came on board in April 2005.

The land Mark acquisition of seven up international inc cork Ireland Pepsi cola international Ireland in 1980’s and the realization of Pepsi international of the superlative performance of seven up bottling company Plc in Nigeria, led the beverages giant (Pepsi co) to enter a deal with the management of seven up bottling company Plc to acquire all Pepsi cola companies in Nigeria so as to give a push to the range of Pepsi product in Nigeria market.

Before this time, seven up bottling company plc was only selling two products, 7up and orange crush a product fractuse from Cadbury international inc. today, seven up bottling company plc   is the sole producer of these brand 7up, Pepsi, cola, Pepsi blue spice, Mirinda orange, Team lemonade, Mirinda Tonic, Mirinda Soda, Mirinda Fruity, Mirinda Lemon and Mirinda Pineapple, and all fractuse of Pepsi international inc. orange crush was later sold to Nigerian breweries Plc. In 1997 with the understanding of it’s fractuse owner Cadbury international.

1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Management: Ability to direct human activities in the production process.

Time: Ability to guage time used to produce a portion of work expressed in terms of pieces per unit or time per piece.

Tool: This refers to an instrument in management terms, usually a person, used by another organization a purpose, aimed at achieving results.

Productivity: Efficiency of works in industrial production.

Organization: The coming together of individuals with common goals and aspiration.