CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
The Rural-urban region isincapable of being avoided in terms ofemployment generation in Nigeria. It often implies a difference between two opposite groups which comprises of both spatialand sectoral dimensions. In censuses andother related statistical exercises, rural andurban populations are usually explained byresidence in settlements above or below aspecific size. Agriculture is also seen to be thechief activity of rural populationswhereas the urban dwellers are thought to engage mainly in industrial production andservices. Overtime, there has not been any agreed definitionof “rural”or “urban”.Many authors simply describe whole regions as either urban or rural. Some also use complex typologies that recognize a continuum and diversity of settlement types, and the interactions between them.
Often times, things tend tobe far more complex: the ways in which different people define urban and rural differs; the boundaries of urban settlements are usually more blurredthan portrayed by administrative delimitations, mostly when towns’ use of ruralresources is considered. The population movement, particularly temporary and occasionalmigration, does not usually reflect in censusfigures and can make enumerations of ruraland urban populations unreliable.
Rural-urban migration occurs at different rates in every country. It has been proved that rapid rural-urban migration has led to excessive urbanization in many developing nations.
The causes of rural-urban migration are introduced, together with a discussion of the challenges and difficulties faced in rural-urban areas, and the factors persuading people to leave these areas to find new opportunities in the cities. The challenges of poverty and lack of job opportunities in rural areas are also introduced and pointed as the push factors, while urban job opportunities is the pull factor. This is also accompanied by an introduction of the issues surrounding urban bias, with emphasis placed on government policies which contribute to imbalances in opportunities available in rural and urban areas.
Urbanization leads to economic growth and economies of scale, but because of a deviation of social costs and private costs, excess urbanization arises and it leads to inefficiency.
Several government policies have direct or indirect relationship with rural-urban migration. Due to the negative implications of excessive rural-urban migration that can occur, it is necessary that policymakers acknowledge the incentives or disincentives associated with each policy during the planning stages, which is before the implementation stage.
1.2. Statement of the general problem
Unemployment in Nigeria has been a reoccurring problem from the 80’s till date. The unemployment rate has been on a geometric increase in Nigeria with graduates constantly graduating each year to increase the number of unemployed or underemployed people. The menace of unemployment has led to social vices like rape, militancy and terrorism. The current problem of boko haram insurgency could be a direct consequence of unemployment or under employment in Nigeria. The international image of Nigeria has been battered as a result of unemployment; this has led to the restiveness of the youths which are willing tools for social vices in the society. The current issue of unemployment has led to more pressure being placed on existing infrastructure and job opportunities in the cities as more people most of whom are unemployed migrate to the cities where they believe job opportunities exist thus increasing the level of crime and damage of infrastructural facilities while at the same time increasing the level of unemployment or under employment in Nigeria.
1.3. Aims and objectives of the study
The major aim of the study is to examine rural urban migration and problems of unemployment in Nigeria. Other specific objectives of the study include;
1. To examine the major causes of unemployment in Nigeria.
2. To know if there is a relationship between rural urban migration and unemployment in Nigeria.
3. To examine the level of unemployment in Nigeria.
4. To determine the effect of unemployment on the security level of Nigeria.
5. To assess the major causes of rural urban migration in Nigeria.
6. To proffer solutions to the current issue of rural urban migration in Nigeria.
7. To recommend ways of reducing unemployment in Nigeria.
1.4. Research Questions
1. What are the major causes of unemployment in Nigeria?
2. Is there a relationship between rural urban migration and unemployment in Nigeria?
3. What is the level of unemployment in Nigeria?
4. What is the effect of unemployment on the security level of Nigeria?
5. What are the major causes of rural urban migration in Nigeria?
6. Does rural urban migration affect the unemployment level of Nigeria?
7. Does rural urban migration affect the productivity level of Nigeria?
1.5. Research Hypotheses
H0: Rural urban migration does not have an effect on unemployment in Nigeria.
H1: Rural urban migration has an effect on unemployment in Nigeria.
1.6. Significance of the study
This study would be of immense benefit to government at all levels in proffering solutions to unemployment and under employment in Nigeria. The study would also proffer solutions to the current rural urban migration that has led to unemployment in Nigeria. The study would be of importance to students, scholars and researchers who are interested in further studies on the subject matter.
1.7. Scope of the study
The study is restricted to the study to rural urban migration and problems of unemployment in Nigeria with a case study of ilesha local government area of Osun state.
1.8. Limitation of the study
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.9. Definition of terms
Unemployment: Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequently measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force.
Migration: to move from one country, place, or locality to another
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