CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The word "television" comes from the Greek (tele), which means "far" or "far," and the Latin visio, which means "sight" or "vision.” It is a type of (tele) communication in which moving (color) visuals (and maybe sound) are broadcast to audiences. Television has since become a common household commodity, despite the fact that the technology has been commercially available since the late 1920s (in extremely limited quantities and at a very high price). It's also utilized in corporations and organizations for advertising, entertainment, and news broadcasts, among other things. Because of its pervasiveness in society, television has gradually been the major medium for molding public opinion in the Western world since the 1950s. Since the 2010s, color televisions have been widely available, and viewers have been able to watch prerecorded material on their televisions thanks to the availability of media such as video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs, and high-definition discs. Internet television services have been on the rise recently, with services like BBC iPlayer, Hulu, and Netflix transmitting their content to television displays over the Internet. In 2012, roughly 78 percent of the world's homes owned at least one television set, with color liquid crystal display–screen TVs accounting for 87 percent of all TVs sold. The most common broadcast television medium is based on radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and it uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the television signal to individual TV receivers such as antennae or satellites, which are then connected to the television set. Other applications of the technology include closed-circuit television. The broadcast television transmissions are normally carried on specific channels between 54 and 890 MHz. A video monitor is a visual display device that does not have a tuner, which separates it from a television. A color broadcast can be made in its most basic form by broadcasting three monochrome images, one in each of the three colors red, green, and blue. These photos will mix into a full-color image when exhibited together or in quick succession, as experienced by the viewer. Televisions are also utilized for surveillance, management of industrial processes, and weapon guidance.
The English Language is, without a doubt, the most important but divisive subject taught in Nigerian schools, and it is a prerequisite for university and post-secondary education. Students and young people, on the other hand, perceive it as a big impediment to their further education because they find it difficult to pass the O level examinations. This frustration appears to be causing animosity among students regarding the English Language's continuous importance in the school curriculum, as they not only score poorly in exams, but also communicate poorly in the language. The poor performance of secondary school pupils in English Language had been a reoccurring problem, according to statistics given by the West African Examination Council (WAEC) Nigeria office in Lagos in 2003. Grammatical structures, spellings, and punctuation, as well as comprehension and summarization, are all challenging areas of the language, according to the research. Furthermore, one of the most distinguishing characteristics of English language teaching and learning in Nigeria is that it is dynamic, always changing and producing new concepts in response to classroom, sociological, and political realities. The broadcast media, which are pervasive and widely available as media of entertainment, information, and even education, are realities that bring about new developments and changes of ideas in regard to English Language.
The broadcast media, of which television is a part, is regarded as a viable alternative to classroom instruction. Dooerken (2012), Hyde (2013),Lratim-uba (2012) Note that by the time children enter kindergarten, they will be able to name more fictional characters from television and radio than real-life people, because television and radio provide a variety of information far beyond what children can expect from primary sources such as their families, schools, and classrooms. The broadcast media, including television, are more than just mechanical means for producing worlds of illusions; they are also channels for developing new language with new expressive powers. Through the use and misuse of the language, these capacities of expression influence English language usage in the educational sector. For example, in an attempt to rouse the public for action or a change of attitude, programs are packaged and presented in such a way that they reach both rural and urban inhabitants without regard for English language restrictions. Furthermore, imperfect comparisons in commercials and advertisements further muddle the terminology. The way sales are indicated, suggested, and hinted at - virtually saying things that codes, rules, and regulations, as well as good taste forbid - heightens these analogies. As a result, a generation of children and learners will be unable to express themselves effectively and, as a result, will be unable to write decent language, particularly English.
Television is a new instructional medium that is being used in many parts of the world to help students improve their academic performance and to allow teachers to teach large groups of students both inside and outside of the classroom. Instructional Television as described by James, Richard, and Fred(2016) consist of simple classroom television cameras that act as image magnifiers to enhance demonstrations, as well as compact portable video tape recorders that allow for review and evaluation of student performance. Vankatali et al (2014) further stated that, Television shows frequently bring into the classroom experiences that local teachers are unable to provide. Costly demonstrations, difficult experiments, and visual excursions to faraway places and current events are among them. Such a program was meticulously created, incorporating a variety of interrelated learning experiences that yield positive results. They are attempting to combat the syllabus's obsolescence by presenting the most recent advances in all subjects. The software completely uses the medium's following potentials. a. Immediacy in providing the most recent and existing fresh results to viewers. b.omnipresence to transport viewers to a specific location, such as a hospital's research lab or a meeting. c. Animation and special effects to help clarify concepts and processes that isn’t evident. c. The ability to portray a wide range of things visually. f. Familiarity with the items on display. The use of the television medium in any of its numerous technical forms to offer information, ideas, and experiences in any subject area and at any level as part of planned educational programming is referred to as "instructional television." In the light of shifting educational ideas and newly developed communication alternatives, educational television's approaches and practices are fast evolving. Instructional television's main purpose is to improve educational quality and classroom use. Instructional Television now stands as the most significant cross road in its history.
The effect is to be expected, given that television programs are mostly vocal and visual, with little or no possibility for engagement with printed matter. This robs youngsters of the intricacies of written communication, which necessitate a great deal of examination, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Television discourages pupils from reading a lot of resources in order to learn the intricacies of the language in a linguistic situation.
The use of television in the teaching and learning of English language is secondary school is important. As the world move from a traditional classroom settings to an ICT class room settings it is important this mass media tools is included in the syllabus especially in the field of English language. The inclusion of television gives room for innovation in the class room therefore encouraging the students to problem solving skills in English Language.
Thus, the study set out to investigate the use of television as an effective mass media in teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Secondary school children have been seen to have weak and incorrect articulation of English language sounds, as well as poor academic achievement in written English. This had been seen by teachers and educated parents, who had brought it up at Parents Teachers Association (PTA) meetings. According to these researchers, who visited schools to interact with students and teachers, the majority of teachers do not properly teach English language, and some of those who did were not excellent role models and did not employ tools that may help the students in English language. Therefore, the study is based on the use of television as an effective mass media in teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major purpose of this study is to examine the use of television as an effective mass media in teaching and learning of English Language in secondary schools. Other specific objectives of the study are:
1) To assess the level of the use of television in teaching and learning English language in secondary schools
2) To examine of the impact of television on the teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools
3) To examine the benefits of using television in the teaching and learning of English language in schools
4) To examine the various types of mass media obtainable in Nigeria
5)To recommend way of improving the teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools through the use of mass media
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1) What is the level of the use of television in teaching and learning English language in secondary schools?
2) What is the impact of television on the teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools?
3) What are the benefits of using television in the teaching and learning of English language in schools?
4) What are the various types of mass media obtainable in Nigeria?
5) What are the way of improving the teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools through the use of mass media?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
HO1: Television use is not an effective mass media in teaching and learning of English Language in secondary schools
HA: Television use is an effective mass media in teaching and learning of English Language in secondary schools
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is centered on the students, teachers, educational planner, administrators, government and the general public. There are a lot of benefits to derive on the effective use of Television in teaching and learning of English Language in secondary schools in Nigeria.
The findings of the study will encourage teachers and students to develop skills and competencies in ICT technologies such as television and other electronic gadgets for teaching and learning in schools.
Curriculum planners will be made to design curriculum that will implement effective approaches to mass media driven education at the 21st century in schools syllabus contents.
The study will provide improved performance in terms of teaching and learning abilities of teachers and students.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study is on of the use of television as an effective mass media in schools.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
MASS MEDIA: Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet
TELEVISON: Television (TV), sometimes shortened to tele or telly, is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. ... Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports
ENGLISH LANGUAGE: The English language is an Indo-European language in the West Germanic language group. Modern English is widely considered to be the lingua franca of the world and is the standard language in a wide variety of fields, including computer coding, international business, and higher education
LEARNING: Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants
TEACHING: Teaching can be defined as engagement with learners to enable their understanding and application of knowledge, concepts and processes. It includes design, content selection, delivery, assessment and reflection.
SECONDARY SCHOOLS: school intermediate between elementary school and college and usually offering general, technical, vocational, or college-preparatory courses.
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